Study Area

Jakkur lake (Fig. 2) is situated at 13º 04'N and 77° 36'E, North East of Bangalore. Ten MLD sewage treatment plant is functional in this locality. Partially treated water is let into Jakkur lake through wetlands (consisting of emergent macrophytes and algae). Water samples were collected (Fig. 2) from Inlet (S6), outlets (S1, S2, S3), middle (S4, S5 and S9) and at treatment plant outlet (S6 and S7) totaling nine locations. The treated water from the treatment plant passes through the wetlands to Jakkur lake.
Integrated Wetlands Ecosystem
Integrated wetlands system at Jakkur consists of i) treatment plant (treats sewage partially before letting to wetlands), ii) constructed wetlands consisting of macrophytes, iii) algal pond and v) lake (Fig. 2). Jakkur lake is manmade and constructed about 200 years ago to meet the domestic and irrigation water requirement of Jakkur village located about hundred meters south west in the downstream of the lake (Fig. 3). The lake used to be perennial containing water all 12 months due to vegetation cover in its catchment. The lake was a source of livelihood to poor farmers and washer men. Even today during potential fish growth seasons, fish cash is estimated to be as high as 500 kg per day. Twelve to fifteen dhobi (washer men) families are also dependent on the lake for washing cloth daily. In the command area of the lake, agriculture and horticulture (coconut, banana and mango plantations) was practiced and remnants of these plantations could be seen even today in the region. Rapid urbanisation in recent times has led to large scale land use changes leading to an increase in paved surfaces. This has resulted in the decline of infiltration ability of the capacity resulting in lake retaining water for 8-9 months. Lake receives partially treated sewage (of about 6 MLD) daily with the implementation of sewage treatment plant in the upstream of the lake, near the inlet of constructed wetlands. Water flows from the treatment plant (in the north) towards the outlets in the south of the lake. Catchment and command area of the lake was mainly agrarian during pre-ninety’s, are now dominated by urban land uses. Around the lake are different kinds of human activities, which include banana plantations, slums, a golf course, and newly built residential buildings.